The evolution of the total cereal production in Spain is shown in the graphic below (data expressed in millions of tons):

Source: MEMORIA ANUAL JUNIO 2014 – Asociación de comercio de cereales y oleaginosas de España.

The total cereal-land in Spain in 2014 is approximately 6 million Ha.
Regarding winter cereals, the surface was distributed as follows in recent years:

Source: Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente/Memoria Anual Año 2014 ACCOE

Lonja del Ebro (Monday afternoon)

Llotja de Barcelona  (Tuesday midday)

Lonja de Binéfar (Wednesday midday)

Mercolleida (Thursday afternoon)

1. Varietal purity

2. Protein content

3. Specific gravity

4. Humidity

5. Degradation

6. Pest free

7. Baking strength

8. Elasticity and toughness

9. Size

10. Uniformity

You can download it and find more info in the Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería del Gobierno de Aragón website.

Results are expressed in Kg of nutrient needed per 1000kg of harvest expected.
Source: Handbookd of Rational Fertilization of crops in Spain (MARM 2010) .

In the market nitrogen fertilizers can be found in three forms: Urea, ammonium and nitrate.
The plant mainly absorbs nitrogen in nitrate form so ureas compounds should be transformed into ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. It can be deduced that the faster action nitrogen compounds are the nitric, followed by ammonia and ultimately ureas.

Phosphorus soluble is any phosphor which can be dissolved in water or in a neutral ammonium citrate solution. For this to be possible, phosphorus present in the phosphate rock used as raw material in the manufacture of NPK fertilizer type, must be attacked with sulfuric or phosphoric acid.

Hence, all those SAM-denominations (soluble phosphorus in mineral acids) or partially-solubilized-phosphoric rock, are indicative of insoluble-phosphorus, therefore not directly assimilated by the plant.

You can download it and find more info in the Aragon Goverment web.

1. Root penetration:
   – Systemic action: Dinitroanilines, Benzamides and Thiocarbamates
   – Contact action: substituted ureas (isoproturon, …) and oxyacetamides.

2. Foliar and root penetration
   – Systemic Action: Sulfonylureas (Hussar, Atlantis …) and triazolopyrimidines
   – Weak Systemic action: Diphenylether, Thiocarbamates, Piridincarboxiamidas and Furanones

3. Foliar penetration
   – Systemic action: Derivatives auxinic, FOPs (Iloxan, …) and DENs (Axial, …)
   – Contact action: Diphenylether, Isoindoldionas, HBN and triazolinones

Source: Arvalis

1. Environmental:
   – Temperature range: Aggressive from a differential of 15 ° C between night and day, especially if the temperature is negative (primarily Sulfonylureas).
   – Wind: Risk of drift.

2. Spray form:
   – Adjuvants: Risk of phytotoxicity especially with oils

3. Soil:
   – Type: very favorable effect on clay soils by adsorption on the clay-humus complex (Clay>30% o MO> 3%).
   – Humidity: Decreases effectiveness in dry soils. Wet soils are necessary but not waterlogged.
   – Uniform planting depth: Promotes efficiency and selectivity of the products.

Source: Arvalis

1. Environmental:
   – Temperature range: Aggressive from a differential of 15 ° C between night and day, especially if the temperature is negative.
   – Relative humidity of air: at least 50% to 60% is required.
   – Chill: A little dew favors the penetration of the product, though too much may decrease the effectiveness of the product due to leaching losses.
   – Rain after treatment: 1 to 4 hours elapse between the time of treatment and the rain to get a good efficacy.
   – Wind: risk of drift and excessive drying of the leaf surface.

2. Spray form:
   – Adjuvants: Risk of phytotoxicity in particular oils.

Source: Arvalis Institut du Végétal

1. Environmental:
   – Temperature: its efficiency is improved if the average temperature is 4-5 °C or higher
   – Temperature range: Differential preferably under 20 °C
   -Relative humidity of air: at least 50% to 60% is required.
   – Chill: A little dew favors the penetration of the product, though too much may decrease the effectiveness of the product due to leaching losses.
   – Rain after treatment: 1 to 4 hours elapse between the time of treatment and the rain to get a good efficacy.
   – Wind: Risk of drift and excessive drying of the leaf surface.

2. Spray form:
   – Mixtures: Risk of antagonism such as auxinic and sulfonylurea derivatives.
   – Adyuvants: Improved efficiencies of certain anti grasses without risk of phytotoxicity (eg Celon) and other risks of phytotoxicity especially depending on the dose and temperature range (Iloxan).

3. Suelo:
   – Humidity: Effectiveness reduced under water deficit at the time of treatment.

Source: Herbicides des cereales et Proteagineaux. Arvalis Institut du Végétal

1. Dosage and product used: it has to be registered for the treatment of cereal seeds and applied at the recommended dose.

2. Uniform application over the entire surface of the seed: if only part of the grain is coated, diseases can remain latent in the rest of the seed.

3. Use of fixed treaters: to perform a proper and homogeneous treatment, adequate machinery is necessary. This machinery must be registered as equipment for phytosanitary treatments in the relevant autonomous community.

1. Coal dress (Ustilago Hordeii)

2. Naked Coal (Ustilago sspp)

3. Fusarium (Fusarium sspp)

4. Blotch (Helminthosporium sspp)

5. Septoria (Septoria sspp)

6. Blight or decay (Tilletia sspp)

More info here .

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